Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common chronic upper gastrointestinal disorder, and its pathogenesis remains unclear. Recent studies suggest that the pathogenesis of GERD is closely related to structural and functional disorders of the lower esophageal sphincter anti-reflux barrier, abnormal clearance of refluxate in the esophagus, and reduced esophageal mucosal barrier function. With the increasing incidence of GERD in China, our understanding of it is also deepening. Research has shown that there is a close association between mental and psychological factors and GERD, which are mutually causal and influence each other. GERD patients with anxiety and depression have a lower quality of life than those with normal mental and psychological states. This article will review the research progress on the relationship between influencing factors such as anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders and GERD, as well as the related mechanisms and treatments.